What output voltage do common DACs provide?

Most USB DACs output 2V RMS (the Red Book CD standard). High-end DACs may output 4-5V RMS. Phone headphone outputs typically max at 0.5-1V RMS. Desktop DACs like the Schiit Modi or Topping D10s output around 2V RMS.

What is dynamic range and why does bit depth matter?

Dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest signal a DAC can reproduce. Each bit adds approximately 6 dB of dynamic range. 16-bit gives 96 dB, 24-bit gives 144 dB (theoretical). In practice, DAC analogue circuitry limits real-world dynamic range to 110-125 dB for good DACs.

Can a DAC drive headphones directly?

Many DACs have a headphone output with a built-in amplifier. The DAC line output alone (without amplification) can drive high-sensitivity, low-impedance headphones and IEMs, but may lack current delivery for demanding headphones. Check both voltage and current capability.

Do I need a separate amplifier with my DAC?

If the DAC cannot deliver enough voltage or current for your headphones at your desired volume, yes. High-impedance headphones (250+ ohms) need more voltage. Low-impedance planar magnetics need more current. Most IEMs are fine from a DAC headphone output.

AudioCalcs

DAC Calculator — Output Voltage, Dynamic Range & Headphone Drive

Calculate DAC output voltage, dynamic range and whether it can drive your headphones.

DAC Output Voltage

Bit Depth

Headphone Impedance

Headphone Sensitivity

Target SPL

How We Calculate This

Dynamic Range

Dynamic Range (dB) = (bit depth × 6.02) + 1.76

Maximum Power Delivery

Power (mW) = (V² / Z) × 1000

Where V is the DAC output voltage in volts RMS and Z is the headphone impedance in ohms.

Maximum SPL

Max SPL = Sensitivity + 10 × log10(Power in mW)

Frequently Asked Questions

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Last updated: February 2026

All calculations are estimates based on standard formulas. Always verify results for critical applications.